UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PUBLICATIONS 

COLLEGE  OF  AGRICULTURE 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


RESULTS  OF 
RICE  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1922 

BY 
CARROLL  F.  DUNSHEE 

BULLETIN  No.  354 

February,  1923 


Group  of  rice  growers  visiting  experimental  tract  at  Cortena  in 
September,  1922,  just  before  draining  the  checks. 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  PRESS 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 

1923 


David  P.  Barrows,  President  of  the  University. 

EXPERIMENT  STATION  STAFF 

HEADS    OF   DIVISIONS 

Thomas  Forsyth  Hunt,  Dean. 

Edward  J.  Wickson,  Horticulture  (Emeritus). 

,  Director  of  Resident  Instruction. 

C.  M.  Haring,  Veterinary  Science,  Director  of  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 

B.  H.  Crocheron,  Director  of  Agricultural  Extension. 

C.  B.   Hutchison,  Plant  Breeding,  Director  of  the  Branch   of  the  College  of 

Agriculture,  Davis. 
H.  J.  Webber,  Citriculture,  Director  of  Citrus  Experiment  Station. 
William  A.  Setchell,  Botany. 
Myer  E.  Jaffa,  Nutrition. 
Ralph  E.  Smith,  Plant  Pathology. 
John  W.  Gilmore,  Agronomy. 
Charles  F.  Shaw,  Soil  Technology. 
John  W.  Gregg,  Landscape  Gardening  and  Floriculture. 
Frederic  T.  Bioletti,  Viticulture  and  Fruit  Products. 
Warren  T.  Clarke,  Agricultural  Extension. 
Ernest  B.  Babcock,  Genetics. 
Gordon  H.  True,  Animal  Husbandry. 
James  T.  Barrett,  Plant  Pathology. 
Walter  Mulford,  Forestry. 
W.  P.  Kelley,  Agricultural  Chemistry. 
H.  P.  Quayle,  Entomology. 
Elwood  Mead,  Rural  Institutions. 
H.  S.  Reed,  Plant  Physiology. 
L.  D.  Batchelor,  Orchard  Management. 
W.  L.  Howard,  Pomology. 
*Frank  Adams,  Irrigation  Investigations. 

C.  L.  Roadhouse,  Dairy  Industry. 
R.  L.  Adams,  Farm  Management. 

W.  B.  Herms,  Entomology  and  Parasitology. 
John  E.  Dougherty,  Poultry  Husbandry. 

D.  R.  Hoagland,  Plant  Nutrition. 
G.  H.  Hart,  Veterinary  Science. 

L.  J.  Fletcher,  Agricultural  Engineering. 
Edwin  C.  Voorhies,  Assistant  to  the  Dean. 

DIVISION  OF  IRRIGATION  INVESTIGATIONS  AND  PRACTICE 

Frank  Adams  C.  F.  Dunshee 

S.  H.  Beckett  Martin  R.  Huberty 

F.  J.  Veihmeyer  Frank  Davis 

C.  M.  Titus  Clarence  N.  Johnston 

H.  A.  Wadsworth  J.  B.  Brown  (Extension 

Specialist) 


*  In  cooperation  with  Division  of  Agricultural  Engineering,  Bureau  of  Public  Roads,  U.  S. 
Department  of  Agriculture. 


RESULTS  OF  RICE  EXPERIMENTS 
IN  1922 

By  CAEEOLL  F.  DUNSHEE 
Eice  Specialist,  Division  of  Irrigation  Investigations  and  Practice. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preparation  of  Field  and  Seeding 403 

Effects  of  Seeding  and  Submergence  on  Water-Grass  Control 403 

Effect  of  Date  of  Seeding  and  Submergence  on  Water-Grass  Control  and 

Eice  Yields 406 

Miscellaneous    Experiments 406 

Water  and  Soil  Analyses 408 

Eice    Weeds 410 


This  bulletin  is  a  progress  report  on  rice  experiments  conducted 
near  Cortena,  Colusa  County,  during  the  growing  season  of  1922, 
under  the  auspices  of  the  California  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station.*  The  experiments  were  devoted  entirely  to  cultural  problems 
on  old  land  and  had  mainly  to  do  with  control  of  water  grasses 
through  manipulation  of  irrigation.  A  small  beginning  was  also 
made  in  a  series  of  crop  rotation  and  other  miscellaneous  experiments. 
The  work  was  conducted  on  forty-five  acres  of  land  leased  from  the 
Esperanza  Land   Corporation  and  located  one-fourth  mile  east  of 


*  These  experiments  were  made  possible  through  a  special  allotment  of 
$10,000  provided  by  the  Legislature  of  1921  at  the  request  of  the  rice  growers 
of  the  Sacramento  Valley  made  through  the  California  Agricultural  Legislative 
Committee.  The  experiments  were  planned  and  supervised  by  the  following 
committee  appointed  by  the  Director  of  the  Experiment  Station:  Frank  Adams, 
chairman,  P.  L.  Hibbard,  J.  W.  Jones  (Superintendent  of  the  Biggs  Eice  Field 
Station  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry),  P.  B.  Kennedy,  W.  W.  Mackie,  C.  F. 
Shaw,  and  W.  W.  Weir.  Messrs.  J.  H.  Harland  of  Woodland,  O.  E.  Squires  of 
Willows,  and  H.  S.  Brink  of  Biggs  were  growers  appointed  by  President  Ealph 
P.  Merritt  of  the  Eice  Growers  Association  to  cooperate  with  the  Experiment 
Station.  Mr.  Bert  Anderson  and  Messrs.  George  and  Eaymond  Houx,  neighbor- 
ing rice  growers,  were  helpful  throughout  the  season.  Irrigation  water  was 
furnished  free  by  the  Glenn-Colusa  Irrigation  District. 

Since  the  work  reported  in  this  bulletin  gives  the  results  of  experiments 
during  one  season  on]y,  the  drawing  of  conclusions  is  postponed  until  the 
experiments  have  extended  over  a  longer  period. 


402 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Cortena  (fig.  1).  This  land  had  been  in  rice  for  the  four  previous 
seasons  and  was  considered  by  its  owners  too  foul  for  profitable 
culture  a  fifth  season. 

In  addition  to  the  experiments  at  Cortena,  P.  L.  Hibbard  made 
some  examinations  of  the  alkalinity  of  water  entering  and  leaving 
the  field  at  Cortena  and  rice  fields  at  several  points  in  the  valley,  and 


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Fig.  1. — Map  of  temporary  rice  experiment  station,  Cortena,  showing 
arrangement  and  location  of  plots. 


C.  F.  Shaw  and  assistants  began  a  study  of  the  effect  of  rice  growing 
on  the  physical  condition  of  the  soil.  Plans  were  also  made  by 
Hibbard  to  extend  his  investigations  to  include  the  effect  of  rice 
growing  on  the  chemical  and  bacteriological  condition  of  the  soil. 
Before  the  beginning  of  the  experiments,  and  as  an  aid  in  planning 
the  work,  W.  W.  Weir  made  a  reconnaissance  and  report  on  the 
general  soil  and  drainage  conditions  in  the  rice  areas  of  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley. 


BULLETIN  354]         RESULTS  OF  RICE  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1922 


403 


PREPARATION   OF   FIELD   AND   SEEDING 

With  the  exception  of  the  plots  which  were  to  have  no  seed  bed 
preparation,  all  plots  were  plowed  about  four  inches  deep,  double 
disced,  and  finally  "floated."  This  treatment  gave  an  excellent  seed 
bed.  The  standard  rate  of  seeding  was  150  pounds.  Two  plots, 
however,  received  200  pounds  per  acre  in  connection  with  a  cat-tail 
control  experiment.  An  excellent  quality  of  Early  Wataribune  seed 
was  used  throughout  the  field.  Plots  not  requiring  submergence  at 
a  later  date  were  planted  and  submerged  by  May  1. 


Fig.  2. — Rice  grown  under  continuous  submergence  method.  Note  freedom 
from  foul  growth  between  levees.  Payne  and  Dozier  ranch,  Princeton,  Cali- 
fornia, 1921. 


EFFECTS  OF  SEEDING  AND  SUBMERGENCE  ON  WATER-GRASS 

CONTROL 

Submergence  immediately  after  broadcasting. — In  these  experi- 
ments the  rice  was  broadcasted  and  left  on  the  surface  of  the  soil 
without  harrowing.  Water  was  then  turned  into  the  plots  and 
brought  to  the  required  depth,  which  was  maintained  throughout  the 
season.  The  plan  of  work  included  a  study  of  the  length  of  time 
taken  by  the  seeds  to  germinate  and  come  to  the  surface  of  the  water 
after  submergence,  and  of  the  effect  of  depth  of  submergence  on 
weed  control  and  on  the  yield  of  rice. 


404 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


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Bulletin  354]       results  of  rice  experiments  in  1922  405 

Weeds  began  to  appear  beneath  the  surface  of  the  water  within  a 
month  after  the  plots  were  submerged.  Ten  days  after  the  weeds 
were  first  noticed  a  scum  appeared  on  the  leaves  and  many  of  the 
plants  died. 

In  the  plots  submerged  eight  inches  no  "barnyard  grass"  (Echi- 
nochloa  crus-galli)  appeared  above  the  surface  of  the  water.  There 
was  a  scattering  of  barnyard  grass  in  the  plots  submerged  six  inches, 
while  a  considerable  quantity  of  grass  came  through  four  inches  of 
water.  Plots  submerged  two  inches  were  very  foul  with  barnyard 
grass.     Water  weeds  other  than  the  various  types  of  barnyard  grass 


f 


Fig.  3. — Beginning  of  submergence  of  rice  checks. 

were  not  controlled  by  continuous  submergence  to  any  extent. 
Figure  2  shows  a  field  on  the  Payne  and  Dozier  ranch  near  Princeton 
in  which  practically  all  foul  growth  was  eliminated  from  the  rice 
checks  in  1921  through  continuous  submergence  after  seeding. 

Broadcasting  in  water. — The  plots  in  these  trials  were  covered 
with  water  to  the  required  depth  and  the  rice  broadcasted  in  the 
water.  The  effect  on  weed  control  was  the  same  as  in  the  plots  sub- 
merged after  broadcasting. 

Submergence  immediately  after  drilling. — The  rice  in  these  plots 
was  drilled  about  one  and  one-half  inches  deep.  Water  was  then 
turned  into  the  plots  (fig.  3)  and  kept  at  the  required  depth  through- 
out the  season.  A  very  inferior  stand  of  rice  resulted,  along  with  a 
heavy  growth  of  the  annual  sedge,  which  aided  materially  in  reducing 
the  yield. 


406 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT   STATION 


Submergence  following  germination. — The  rice  in  this  experiment 
was  drilled  about  one  and  one-half  inches  deep  and  irrigated  twice 
before  the  plants  were  an  inch  above  the  ground,  when  the  plots 
were  submerged  to  depths  of  four,  six,  and  eight  inches.  A  great  deal 
of  water-grass  came  through  the  water,  the  depth  seeming  to  have  no 
effect,  as  all  plots  were  equally  foul.  While  there  was  a  good  stand 
at  the  time  the  plants  were  submerged,  the  stand  at  maturity  was 
only  fair. 

EFFECT  OF  DATE   OF  SEEDING  AND   SUBMEEGENCE   ON 
WATER-GRASS    CONTROL   AND   RICE   YIELDS 

Four  dates  of  seeding  and  submergence  were  used  in  this  part  of 
the  experiments,  viz.,  April  15,  May  1,  May  15,  and  June  1.  All  plots 
were  broadcasted  and  immediately  submerged  after  seeding  to  a  depth 
of  six  inches.  The  plots  seeded  early  gave  distinctly  better  yields, 
little  difference,  if  any,  being  noted  in  water-grass  control.  Results 
as  to  yields  are  presented  in  detail  in  the  following  table : 

TABLE  2. 

Summary  Showing  Results  of  Experiments  on  the  Date  of  Seeding  and 
Submergence  of  Rice;  Submergence  6  Inches  Deep 


Plots 

Date  of  seeding 
and  submergence 

Total  area, 
acres 

Total  yield, 
pounds 

Yield  per 
acre,  pounds 

Date  of 
maturing 

1,20 

6,19 

14,  16 

13,17 

April  15 
May  1 
May  15 
June  1 

2.07 
2.75 
1.69 
1.93 

7584 
7037 
4475 
3994 

3664 
2558 
2648 
2069* 

Sept.  24 

Sept.  27 
Oct.  2 
Oct.  9 

*  Straw  short  and  heads  with  many  blanks. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXPERIMENTS 

In  all  the  plots  concerned  in  these  experiments  submergence  was 
completed  by  May  1. 

Cat-tail  control  by  heavy  seeding. — Seeding  at  the  rate  of  200 
pounds  per  acre  resulted  in  very  heavy  stands.  Cat-tails  were  not 
controlled  by  this  method,  however,  and  the  stand  was  too  thick  for 
maximum  yields.  The  straw  and  the  heads  were  very  short,  though 
the  heads  were  well  filled. 


Bulletin  354]       results  of  rice  experiments  in  1922 


407 


Seed  broadcasted  on  stubble. — Poor  stands  resulted  from  this  treat- 
ment. The  straw  and  heads  were  short,  and  weeds  other  than  barn- 
yard grass  were  very  thick.  Cat-tail  growth  was  much  heavier  in 
these  plots  than  in  the  rest  of  the  field. 

Seed  broadcasted  in  water  on  rice  stubble. — The  results  from  this 
treatment  were  very  similar  to  those  from  the  other  plots  that  were 
not  plowed,  the  cat-tail  and  weed  growth  being  quite  heavy  and  the 
yield  of  rice  low. 

Cat-tail  control  by  pulling  and  cutting. — With  the  exception  of 
plot  No.  61,  the  cat-tails  were  all  cut  or  pulled  by  July  15,  and  were 
not  cut  again  during  the  season.  The  cat-tails  in  plot  No.  61  were 
cut  during  the  first  week  in  August  and  were  not  cut  again.  This 
method  was  used  to  determine  whether  the  later  cutting  of  cat-tails 
would  have  any  effect  in  delaying  the  growth  during  the  last  of  the 
season.  It  was  found  this  year  that  the  cat-tails  were  as  thick  at 
harvest  time  in  plot  No.  61  as  in  the  rest  of  the  field.  During  the  latter 
part  of  July  and  the  first  of  August  the  rice  began  to  go  into  the  boot 
and  tramping  of  the  rice  plants  at  this  time  undoubtedly  caused 
considerable  injury.  The  cost  of  pulling  cat-tails  over  the  entire  field 
amounted  to  $3.48  per  acre.  The  cost  for  pulling  and  cutting  on  land 
that  was  not  plowed  amounted  to  approximately  $5  per  acre. 


TABLE  3 

Summary  of  Results  of  Miscellaneous  Experiments 


Plots 


Treatments 


Total 
area, 
acres 


Total 
yield, 
pounds 


Yield 
per  acre, 
pounds 


61 
2,5 

15,21 

12,  18 

22  to  30 


Broadcasted  then  submerged  6  inches.  Used 
to  determine  proper  time  to  pull  cat-tail 

Broadcasted  at  rate  of  200  pounds  per  acre  and 
submerged  6  inches.  For  prevention  of  cat- 
tail growth 

Submerged  6  inches  after  broadcasting  on 
stubble 

Submerged  rice  stubble  6  inches.  Broadcasted 
in  water 

Broadcasted   and   immediate    6-inch    sub- 
mergence  


1.72 


1.58 


1.43 


1.56 


4.38 


4971 


3166 


2471 


1777 


10136 


2857 


1994 


1728 


1139 


2312 


408  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


WATEE  AND  SOIL  ANALYSES 

P.  L.  Hibbard  furnished  the  preliminary  report  of  his  studies  of 
the  rice  soils  and  irrigation  water : 

Analyses  of  Waters 

Small  samples  of  the  water  from  the  canal  intake  and  from  the 
outlet  were  taken  daily  and  placed  in  large  bottles.  A  portion  was  then 
taken  out  for  analysis.  These  composite  samples  show  little  change 
throughout  the  season.  All  of  them  are  of  excellent  quality  for  irriga- 
tion. There  was  a  little  increase  of  soluble  matter  in  the  intake  water 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  season.  The  drainage  water  contained 
most  soluble  matter  in  the  early  part  of  the  season,  when  it  held  20 
to  30  per  cent  more  than  the  intake  water.  It  is  presumed  that  this 
increase  of  soluble  matter  during  the  passage  of  the  water  through 
the  field  is  caused  by  absorption  from  the  saline  soils  over  which  it 
flowed.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  season  after  the  available  salts  had 
being  taken  up,  the  drainage  water  was  almost  exactly  the  same  as 
the  intake  water  in  both  composition  and  concentration. 

Somewhat  random  samples  were  taken  from  nearby  ranches  at 
various  times. 

Analyses  of  samples  taken  from  the  intake  and  drain  on  the 
Forgues  place,  June  23,  showed  the  drain  water  to  contain  two  to  three 
times  as  much  saline  matter  as  the  intake  water.  Samples  were  again 
taken  from  the  same  field  July  14  and  August  9.  The  drain  water 
then  contained  eight  to  nine  times  as  much  mineral  matter  as  the 
intake,  the  intake  in  both  cases  being  much  like  that  at  Cortena. 

On  the  Spalding  ranch  the  same  conditions  prevailed  in  the  early 
part  of  the  season  as  on  the  Forgues  place.  However,  during  the 
latter  part  of  the  season  the  waters  on  the  Spalding  ranch  were  nearly 
like  those  at  Cortena. 

The  water  obtained  from  the  intake  on  the  Hardin  field  on 
August  9  was  good,  but  the  drain  water  carried  seven  to  ten;  times 
as  much  mineral  matter  as  the  intake  water. 

To  summarize,  it  may  be  said  that  when  the  land  is  free  of  alkali, 
there  is  little  change  in  the  water  produced  by  passing  over  the  rice 
fields,  but  when  the  soil  contains  soluble  salts  or  alkali  some  of  this 
matter  is  carried  away  in  the  drainage.  How  much  goes  into  the 
subsoil  is  not  known. 


Bulletin  354]        RESULTS  OF  RICE  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1922  409 


Analyses  of  Soils 

None  of  the  after-harvest  samples  of  soil  have  been  examined,  so 
it  is  impossible  yet  to  say  what  effect  has  been  produced  by  the  water 
used  in  rice  culture. 

The  soil  samples  taken  before  planting  showed  great  variation  as 
to  alkali  and  salts.  One  hole  on  new  soil  (never  flooded)  showed  very 
little  alkali,  two  other  holes  had  injurious  amounts,  but  not  as  much 
as  some  holes  on  the  old  rice  land  in  plot  25.  Most  of  this  plot  was 
quite  strongly  saline  and  somewhat  alkaline.  In  general,  the  con- 
centration was  higher  at  the  third  and  fourth  foot  below  than  at  the 
surface.  Two  holes  were  taken  down  to  twelve  feet  and  showed  much 
the  same  throughout.  On  plot  58,  there  was  much  less  alkaline  and 
saline  matter  in  most  places,  but  considerable  quantities  still  remain 
in  the  third  and  fourth  foot.  In  two  holes,  carried  down  twelve  feet, 
there  were  considerable  quantities  in  all  samples  below  the  second  foot. 

From  these  statements,  it  is  evident  that  rice  culture  on  this  ground 
during  four  preceding  years  has  not  yet  removed  enough  of  the  alkali 
to  make  the  soil  safe  for  sensitive  crops. 


Physical  Soil  Studies 

Chas.  F.  Shaw  furnished  the  preliminary  report  on  the  investiga- 
tion of  the  physical  condition  of  these  soils : 

Samples  of  soils,  representing  the  Willows  clay  loam,  Willows  clay 
and  Stockton  clay  adobe,  were  secured  from  the  Colusa  and  Butte 
Basins  and  preliminary  studies  were  made  of  their  physical  char- 
acteristics. The  samples  for  each  soil  represented  relatively  uniform 
soil  conditions,  but  were  taken  from  adjacent  fields,  one  of  which  had 
been  in  rice,  the  other  in  pasture,  grain  or  other  crop. 

In  none  of  the  tests  made  was  there  any  definite  or  consistent 
indication  of  changes  due  to  the  submergence  incident  to  rice  culture. 
The  moisture  equivalent  (water  held  by  the  soil  against  a  force  of 
1000  times  gravity)  and  the  hygroscopic  coefficient  (water  absorbed 
from  a  saturated  atmosphere)  show  very  slight  variations.  The 
content  of  organic  matter  was  fairly  uniform  throughout  all  the 
samples,  the  total  variation  being  less  than  one  per  cent.  Tests  of 
the  volume  weight  likewise  showed  no  definite  change  due  to  rice 
culture. 


410  UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 

In  measuring  the  degree  of  contraction  that  occurs  when  the  soils 
are  dried  it  was  found  that  in  the  case  of  the  Willows  clay  loam  and 
clay  the  rice  soils  contracted  considerably  more  than  did  the  similar 
soils  that  had  been  in  pasture.  The  Stockton  clay  adobe  from  the  rice 
experiment  station  at  Biggs  gave  opposite  results,  the  shrinkage  of 
the  soils  from  the  rice  plots  being  not  over  three-fourths  as  great  as 
that  from  the  soil  from  a  lawn.  On  comparing  the  relation  between 
the  loss  of  water  and  the  decrease  of  volume  due  to  drying,  it  is 
found  that  the  Stockton  clay  adobe  which  had  been  in  rice  lost  two 
grams  of  water  for  each  cubic  centimeter  of  volume  contraction, 
while  the  soil  from  the  lawn  lost  only  one  and  one-half  grams  per  cubic 
centimeter  contraction.  The  smaller  amount  of  shrinkage  in  the  case 
of  the  soils  that  were  in  rice  is  apparently  due  to  the  presence  of  con- 
siderable amounts  of  undecayed  rice  roots,  which  served  to  give  the 
dried  soil  a  more  open  and  porous  character. 

At  the  close  of  the  season  of  1922  a  large  number  of  soil  samples 
were  secured,  representing  soils  that  had  been  in  rice  from  one  to 
nine  years,  and  similar  soils  never  in  rice.  More  complete  and  exten- 
sive studies  are  now  under  way  to  determine  whether  or  not  any 
consistent  differences  in  the  physical  condition  of  these  soils  have 
developed  as  a  result  of  rice  culture. 

EICE  WEEDS 

Pictures  of  nine  different  weeds  found  in  the  rice  fields  in  1922, 
partly  at  Cortena  and  partly  on  other  fields  in  the  valley,  together 
with  brief  descriptions,  are  shown  in  the  following  pages,  figures 
4  to  13. 


Bulletin  354]       results  OF  RICE  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1922 


411 


Fig.  4. — Tules  (Scirpus  occidentalis) .  Not  especially  thick  in  rice  fields.  Often 
found  in  irrigation  and  drain  ditches.  Grows  four  to  fifteen  feet  high.  Seed 
matures  latter  part  of  August.  Difficult  to  control  although  many  growers  have 
been  successful  with  summer-fallow. 


Fig.  5. — Spike  rush,  also  known  as  "wire  grass"  (Eleocharis  palustris). 
Found  in  eorners  of  checks,  ditches,  and  fields  not  properly  plowed.  Grows 
twelve  to  eighteen  inches  high.  Matures  seed  in  July.  Not  controlled  by 
continuous  submergence. 


412 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


~**i'd\^ 

mWBsBKrJ 

Fig.  6. — Keel  stem  (Ammania  coccinea).  Found  in  rice  fields  generally  where 
there  is  a  thin  stand  of  rice.  Grows  from  six  inches  to  three  feet  high.  Matures 
seed  from  September  30  to  October  30.  Not  controlled  by  continuous  sub- 
mergence. 


Fig.  7. — Water  grass  or  barnyard  grass  (Echinochloa  crusgalli).  Found  in 
all  parts  of  the  rice  area.  Probably  the  most  troublesome  weed.  Grows  from 
one  to  six  feet  high.  Various  types  mature  seed  from  June  25  to  October  25. 
Kesults  in  1922  indicate  that  continuous  submergence  after  seeding  will  control 
this  weed. 


Bulletin  354]       results  OF  RICE  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1922 


413 


Fig.  8. — Umbrella  plant,  perennial  form  (Cyperus  virens).  This  form  of  the 
cyperus  family  is  seldom  harmful  except  in  unplowed  places  near  the  rice  fields. 
Grows  from  one  to  two  feet  high.  The  seed  matures  the  latter  part  of  August. 
Can  be  satisfactorily  controlled  by  plowing. 


i"           ;   '         *.■>■ 

M^H 

.■■>"     ^  ■ :  \   ■■''"■*. 

-.  -"       '.*               ■';■•'; 

/   *  -■'-        ■                ' 

•■:                           •     ■■           .. 

'..        ^        -      .          ;-. 

Fig.  9. — Umbrella  plant,  sometimes  known  as  "annual  sedge"  {Cyperus 
difformis).  This  weed  was  very  troublesome  at  Cortena  and  several  other 
places  in  the  rice  area.  It  was  exceptionally  thick  in  places  where  the  stand 
of  rice  was  thin.  Seldom  grows  over  eighteen  inches  high.  Can  probably  be 
held  in  check  by  heavy  seeding.  The  seed  matures  the  first  part  of  August. 
Not  controlled  by  continuous  submergence. 


414 


UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT    STATION 


Fig.  10. —  Crab  grass  (Syntherisma  sanguinalis) .  This  is  a  common  grass  on 
ditch  banks  and  levees.  It  grows  one  to  two  feet  high.  The  seed  matures  the 
latter  part  of  August.     Not  especially  troublesome  in  the  rice  fields. 


Fig.  11. — Smart  weed  (Polygonium  lapatliif olium) .  This  weed  is  not  par- 
ticularly troublesome  in  the  rice  fields  at  present.  It  is  often  seen  in  the 
irrigation  and  drain  ditches.  Grows  about  two  feet  high.  Matures  seed  the 
latter  part  of  August. 


Bulletin  354]        RESULTS  OF  RICE  EXPERIMENTS  IN  1922 


415 


Fig.  12. — Cat-tail  (Typha  latifolia).  Sometimes  confused  with  "tule."  This 
perennial  plant  is  becoming  a  more  serious  pest  each  year.  The  plant  grows 
from  four  to  twelve  feet  high.  Seed  matures  the  latter  part  of  September. 
Summer-fallow  has  proved  helpful  as  a  means  of  control. 


■ 

Fig.  13. — Slender  aster  (Aster  exilis).  This  weed  grows  mainly  in  abandoned 
rice  fields  and  in  producing  fields  that  have  not  been  properly  plowed.  Grows 
from  two  to  four  feet  high.     Can  be  controlled  by  plowing. 


STATION  PUBLICATIONS  AVAILABLE  FOR  FREE  DISTRIBUTION 


BULLETINS 

No.  No. 

253.  Irrigation   and   Soil  Conditions  in  the  319. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California.  321. 

261.  Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans  324. 

regia." 

262.  Citrus   Diseases   of   Florida   and   Cuba  325. 

Compared  with  these  of  California. 

263.  Size  Grades  for  Ripe  Olives. 

268.   Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings.  328. 

270.  A  Comparison  of  Annual  Cropping,  Si-  330. 

ennial  Cropping,  and  Green  Manures  331. 

on  the  Yield  of  Wheat.  332. 

273.   Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine-  334. 

yard  Experimental  Drain. 

275.  The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali-  335. 

fornia. 

276.  The   Pomegranate.  336. 

278.  Grain   Sorghums. 

279.  Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California.  337. 

280.  Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento  339. 

Valley. 

283.  The  Olive  Insects  of  California.  340. 

285.  The  Milk  Goat  in  California. 

286.  Commercial    Fertilizers.  341. 

287.  Vinegar  from  Waste  Fruits.  342. 
294.   Bean    Culture   in    California.  343. 

297.  The  Almond  in  California.  344. 

298.  Seedless  Raisin  Grapes. 

299.  The  Use  of  Lumber  on  California  Farms.  345. 
304.  A  study  on  the  Effects  of  Freezes  on 

Citrus   in   California.  346. 

308.   I.  Fumigation  with  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  347. 
Acid.  II.  Physical  and  Chemical  Prop- 
erties of  Liquid  Hydrocyanic  Acid.  348. 

310.   Plum  Pollination.  352. 

312.  Mariout  Barley. 

313.  Pruning  Young   Deciduous  Fruit  Trees.  353. 

316.  The   Kaki   or   Oriental  Persimmon.  354. 

317.  Selections  of   Stocks  in  Citrus   Propa- 

gation. 


Caprifigs  and  Caprification. 

Commercial  Production  of  Grape  Syrup. 

Storage  of  Perishable  Fruit  at  Freezing 
Temperatures. 

Rice  Irrigation  Measurements  and  Ex- 
periments in  Sacramento  Valley, 
1914-1919. 

Prune  Growing  in  California. 

Dehydration  of  Fruits. 

Phylloxera-Resistant  Stocks. 

Walnut  Culture  in  California. 

Preliminary  Volume  Tables  for  Second- 
Growth  Redwoods. 

Cocoanut  Meal  as  a  Feed  for  Dairy 
Cows  and  Other  Livestock. 

The  Preparation  of  Nicotine  Dust  as 
an  Insecticide. 

Some  Factors  of  Dehydrater  Efficiency. 

The  Relative  Cost  of  Making  Logs  from 
Small    and    Large    Timber. 

Control  of  the  Pocket  Gopher  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Studies  on  Irrigation  of  Citrus  Groves. 

Hog  Feeding  Experiments. 

Cheese  Pests  and  Their  Control. 

Cold  Storage  as  an  Aid  to  the  Market* 
ing  of  Plums. 

Fertilizer  Experiments  with  Citrus 
Trees. 

Almond    Pollination. 

The  Control  of  Red  Spiders  in  Decidu- 
ous Orchards. 

Pruning  Young  Olive  Trees. 

Further  Experiments  in  Plum  Pollina 
tion. 

Bovine  Infectious  Abortion. 

Results  of  Rice  Experiments  in   1922. 


No. 
70.  Observations    on    the    Status    of    Corn 

Growing  in  California. 
82.  The  Common  Ground  Squirrel  of  Cali- 
fornia. 
87.  Alfalfa. 

110.  Green  Manuring  in  California. 

111.  The  Use  of  Lime  and  Gypsum  on  Cali- 

fornia Soils. 
113.  Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture. 

126.  Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper. 

127.  House  Fumigation. 

136.  Melilotus   indica    as    a    Green-Manure 

Crop  for  California. 
144.   Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 
148.   "Lungworms." 

151.  Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 

152.  Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand- 

ling of  Grain  in  California. 
155.  Bovine  Tuberculosis. 
157.  Control  of  the  Pear  Scab. 

159.  Agriculture  in  the  Imperial  Valley. 

160.  Lettuce  Growing  in  California. 

161.  Potatoes  in  California. 

164.  Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 

165.  Fundamentals    of    Sugar   Beet   Culture 

under  California  Conditions. 

166.  The   Country  Farm   Bureau. 

167.  Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 

169.  The   1918   Grain  Crop. 

170.  Fertilizing  California  Soils  for  the  1918 

Crop. 


CIRCULARS 

No. 

172. 

173. 


174. 
175. 

178. 
179. 

181. 

182. 

183. 
184. 
188. 
189. 
190. 
193. 
198. 
199. 
201. 
202. 

203. 
205. 
206. 
208. 

209. 
210. 


Wheat  Culture. 

The    Construction    of    the    Wood-Hoop 

Silo. 
Farm   Drainage  Methods. 
Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 

Distribution  of  Milk. 
The  Packing  of  Apples  in  California. 
Factors    of    Importance    in    Producing 

Milk  of  Low  Bacterial  Count. 
Control     of     the     California      Ground 

Squirrel. 
Extending  the  Area  of  Irrigated  Wheat 

in  California  for  1918. 
Infectious  Abortion  in  Cows. 
A  Flock  of  Sheep  on  the  Farm. 
Lambing  Sheds. 
Winter  Forage  Crops. 
Agriculture  Clubs  in  California. 
A  Study  of  Farm  Labor  in  California. 
Syrup  from  Sweet  Sorghum. 
Onion  Growing  in  California. 
Helpful  Hints  to  Hog  Raisers. 
County   Organizations   for   Rural   Fire 

Control. 
Peat  as  a  Manure  Substitute. 
Blackleg. 
Jack  Cheese. 
Summary  of  the  Annual  Reports  of  the 

Farm  Advisors  of  California. 
The  Function  of  the  Farm  Bureau. 
Suggestions  to  the  Settler  in  California. 


CIRCULARS — Continued 


No. 
212. 
214. 

215. 

217. 

218. 

219. 

224. 


225. 
228. 
230. 

232. 

233. 
234. 

235. 

236. 

237. 


No. 

Salvaging  Rain-Damaged  Prunes.  238. 

Seed  Treatment  for  the  Prevention  of  239. 

Cereal  Smuts. 
Feeding  Dairy  Cows  in  California.  240. 

Methods   for   Marketing   Vegetables   in 

California.  241. 

Advanced    Registry    Testing    of    Dairy 

Cows.  242. 

The  Present  Status  of  Alkali.  244. 

Control    of    the    Brown    Apricot    Scale  245. 

and  the  Italian  Pear  Scale  on  Decid-  246. 

uous  Fruit  Trees. 
Propagation  of  Vines.  247. 

Vineyard   Irrigation  in  Arid  Climates.  248. 

Testing  Milk,    Cream,    and    Skim   Milk 

for  Butterfat.  249. 

Harvesting    and    Handling    California  250. 

Cherries  for  Eastern  Shipment. 
Artificial  Incubation.  251. 

Winter  Injury  to  Young  Walnut  Trees 

during  1921-22. 
Soil  Analysis  and  Soil  and  Plant  Inter-  252. 

relations.  253. 

The  Common  Hawks  and  Owls  of  Cali-  254. 

fornia   from    the     Standpoint   of  the 

Rancher.  255. 

Directions  for  the  Tanning  and  Dress- 
ing of  Furs.  256. 


The  Apricot  in  California. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Apricots  and 
Plums  for  Eastern  Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Pears  for 
Eastern   Shipment. 

Harvesting  and  Handling  Peaches  for 
Eastern   Shipment. 

Poultry  Feeding. 

Central  Wire  Bracing  for  Fruit  Trees. 

Vine  Pruning  Systems. 

Desirable  Qualities  of  California  Bar- 
ley for  Export. 

Colonization  and  Rural  Development. 

Some  Common  Errors  in  Vine  Pruning 
and  Their  Remedies. 

Replacing  Missing  Vines. 

Measurement  of  Irrigation  Water  on 
the   Farm. 

Recommendations  Concerning  the  Com- 
mon Diseases  and  Parasites  of 
Poultry    in    California. 

Supports  for  Vines. 

Vineyard   Plans. 

The  Use  of  Artificial  Light  to  Increase 
Winter  Egg  Production. 

Leguminous  Plants  as  Organic  Fertil- 
izer in  California  Agriculture. 

The  Control  of  Wild  Morning  Glory. 


